11. pronombres- sustitucion de palabras
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| GRAMATICA DE INGLES English Grammar 1.1. TIEMPOS VERBALES * Presente simple 1 * Presente simple 2 * Presente simple To be * Presente simple To have * Presente continuo * Presente simple Vs. Presente continuo * Pasado simple * Pasado simple To be * Lista de verbos irregulares * Pasado continúo * Pasado simple Vs. Pasado continúo * Presente perfecto 1 * Presente perfecto 2 (for-since-ago) * Presente simple Vs. Presente perfecto * Presente perfecto continúo * Pasado perfecto * Pasado perfecto continúo * Futuro simple * Futuro simple Vs. To be going + inf * Futuro continuo * Futuro perfecto * Futuro perfecto continúo 2. ESTRUCTURAS VERBALES * There is/are * there was/were * Used to / to be used to 3. VERBOS MODALES * Can – could y be able to * Must – have to y don´t have to * Mustn`t * Should y ought to * May y might * Need y needn`t * Verbos + ing * Verbos + inf con / sin to 5. ARTICULOS * The * A/an 6. CONJUNCIONES * And, * But or so * Because 7. SUSTANTIVOS * Contables e incontables * Plural sustantivo * Genitivo 8. ADJETIVOS: * Adjetivos some y any * Posición de adjetivos * Formación de adjetivos * Adjetivos posesivos * Adjetivos comparativos * Adjetivos superlativos * Palabras interrogativas * Adjetivos o pronombres 9. ADVERBIOS * Adverbios de frecuencia 10. PREPOSCICIONES * In, at, on de lugar * In, at, on de tiempo * Varias 11. PRONOMBRES- SUSTITUCION DE PALABRAS * Posesivos (mine, yours) * Objeto (me, you) * Reflexivos (myself) * One/ones * So, such 12. IMPERATIVO * Oraciones de relativo * Condicionales * Estilo indirecto (reported speech) 13 . VOZ PASIVA 1 14. VOZ PASIVA 2 15. ORDEN DE LAS PALABRAS * Inversión verbo – sujeto 16. VOCABULARIO * Abbreviations * American and british * Common expresions * Idioms 1 * Make or do * Ok * Proverbs * Idioms 2 * Phrasal Verbs (1-11) Vocabulario Temático * Birds * Body parts * Colours * Computers * Countries and nations * Fruit * Internet * Jobs * The city * The house * Languages * Money * Sport * Sationery (art. Papeleria) * Television * Travel and accomodation * Work 17. LECTURAS * How to be a hypocrite * How to be rude * Irish symbols * The national * The weather 18. INGLES COMERCIAL * Business English vocabulary * Formal letters (general structure) * Letter of application for a job * Letter of enquiry (pedir información) * Phone conversations 1. VERBOS 1.1.TIEMPOS VERBALES * Presente simple 1 Uso: normalmente se utiliza para hablar de acciones habituales, pero en ocasiones puede tener sentido de futuro. Afirmativa I work You work He / she / it works We work You work They work 1. He/she/it: Sólo la tercera persona del singular (he/she/it) es diferente de las demás, ya que se le añade “-s”. 2. Existen verbos a los que se añade “-es” en lugar de “-s”: - do – does - go – goes - verbos que terminan en: s pass - passes ch watch - watches sh wash - washes x mix - mixes z buzz - buzzes 3. La terminación es “– ies” cuando un verbo acaba en “consonante +y”. La “y” se Convierte en “i” y se añade “-es”: - study - studies - carry - carries Negación Forma completa Forma contraída I do not work I don´t work You do not work You don´t work He / she / it does not work He / she /it doesn´t work We do not work We don´t work You do not work You don´t work They do not work They don´t work Interrogación Pregunta breve Respuesta breve Do I work? Yes, I do No, I don´t Do you work? Yes, you do No, you don´t Does work? Yes, he does No, he doesn´t Do we work? Yes, we do No, we don´t Do you work? Yes, you do No, you don´t Do they work? Yes, they do No, they don´t Presente simple con valor de futuro Utilizamos el presente simple para hablar de hechos futuros que dependen de algún horario o programa. Ejemplos: - The train to Norfolk leaves from platform 7 in 10 minutes. - The next conference takes place in the other building. - They arrive before lunch tomorrow and catch the last bus. Presente histórico El presente simple se puede utilizar para hablar de hechos pasados. En estos casos, el presente confiere una sensación de realidad y cercanía a los hechos narrados. Ejemplos: - Christopher Columbus discovers America by mistake in 1492. - She was very late and then she tells me she must leave early because she has to work the next day. * Presente simple To be To be = ser o estar. La forma completa y la contraída son igualmente correctas, aunque la contraída es algo más informal. Afirmativa Forma completa Forma contraída I am I´m You are you´re He is he´s We are we´re You are you´re They are they´re Negación sujeto + verbo + not Forma completa Forma contraída I am not I´m not You are not you aren´t He is not he isn´t We are not we aren´t You are not you aren´t They are not they aren´t Interrogación verbo + sujeto Am I ...? Yes, I am No, I´m not Are you...? Yes, you are No, you aren´t Is he ...? Yes, he is No, he is Are we...? Yes, we are No, we aren´t Are you....? Yes, you are No, you aren´t Are they....? Yes, they are No, they aren´t Ejemplos: - Are you a student? Yes, I am. - Is she your friend? Yes, she is. - Are they your classmates? No, they aren´t. * Presente simple To have To have = tener o haber Afirmativa Negación I have I do not have I don´t have You have you do not have you don´t have He has he does not have he doesn´t have We have we do not have we don´t have You have you do not have you don´t have They have they do not have they don´t have Interrogación Do I have...? Yes, I do No, I don´t Do you have...? Yes, you do No, you don´t Does he has… ? Yes, he does No, he doesn´t Do we have...? Yes, we do No, we don´t Do you have...? Yes, you do No, you don´t Do they have...? Yes, they do No, they don´t Have (got) = tener, es algo más común que have. Afirmativa I have got I´ve got lots of books You have got you´ve got a car He has got he´s got a brown dog We have got we´ve got a pen You have got you´ve got a pretty cat They have got they´ve got friends Negación I have not got I haven´t got You have not got you haven´t got He has not got he hasn´t got We have not got we haven´t got You have not got you haven´t got They have not got they haven´t got Interrogación Have I got...? Yes, I have No, I haven´t Have you got...? Yes, you have No, you haven´t Has he got…? Yes, he has No, he hasn´t have we got...? Yes, we have No, we haven´t Have you got...? Yes, you have No, you haven´t Have they got...? Yes, they have No, they haven´t * Presente continuo Uso: se utiliza normalmente para hablar de acciones que están ocurriendo en el momento en el que se habla. En español suele equivaler a: estar + gerundio. Afirmativa I am working I´m working You are working you´re working He is working he´s working We are working we´re working You are working you´re working They are working they´re working Negación I am not working I´m not working You are not working you aren´t working He is not working he isn´t working We are not working we aren´t working You are not working you aren´t working They are not working they aren´t working Interrogación Am I working? Yes, I am No, I´m not Are you working? Yes, you are No, you aren´t Is he working? Yes, he is No, he isn´t Are we working? Yes, we are No, we aren´t Are you working? Yes, you are No, you aren´t Are they working? Yes, they are No, they aren´t Reglas ortográficas de los verbos acabados en –ing: 1. Los verbos que acaban en una sola –e pierden esta vocal y añaden –ing: write - writing have - having come - coming 2. Los verbos de una sílaba acabados en “vocal + consonante” duplican la consonante y añaden –ing (excepto en el caso de w y y): put - putting stop - stopping shop - shopping * Presente simple Vs. Presente continuo El presente simple se utiliza para hablar de cosas que ocurren habitualmente o en general: - James studies German at university. - My parents live in the south. - Jane works in Italy every summer. - My friends have a car. - Water boils at 100 Celsius degrees. - Sharks are dangerous animals. El presente continuo, en cambio, se utiliza para hablar de cosas que están ocurriendo en el momento en el que se habla: - Mary is playing the guitar now. - Take an umbrella. It´s raining. - Let´s go to the park! The sun is shinning. - They are working in the garage at the moment. Existen verbos que sólo pueden utilizarse en presente simple Like - depend - remember – relieve – dislike - know - forget - prefer - love – mean- want – hate - understand - need * Pasado simple Uso: el pasado simple se utiliza normalmente para referirnos a hechos que sucedieron en un momento concreto del pasado. Existen verbos regulares, a los que se añade –ed en el pasado, como work (worked en pasado) y otros irregulares, que es necesario aprender, como go (went en pasado). Afirmativa Verbos regulares (work) I worked You worked He worked We worked You worked They worked Ortografía de las formas de pasado regulares 1. Verbos acabados en “consonante + y” ied: study - studied carry – carried 2. Verbos monosilábicos acabados en “vocal + consonante” duplican la consonante (excepto They worked “y” o “w”) Stop - stopped Shop - shopped Pronunciación de la terminación “–ed ” de pasado Se puede pronunciar como /t/ /d/ o /id/, dependiendo del sonido en el que acabe el infinitivo: /t/ watched, stopped, shopped, washed, worked (cuando el verbo acaba en sonido sordo) /d/ lived, arrived, opened, called, changed (cuando el verbo acaba en sonido sonoro) /id/ started, painted, needed (cuando el verbo acaba en sonido /t/ o/d/). Verbos irregulares (go) Go (ir) went gone I went You went He went We went You went They went Negación Verbos regulares (work) I did not work I didn´t work You did not work You didn´t work He did not work He didn´t work We did not work We didn´t work You did not work You didn´t work They did not work They didn´t work Verbos irregulares (go) I did not go I didn´t go You did not go You didn´t go He did not go He didn´t go We did not go We didn´t go You did not go You didn´t go They did not go They didn´t go Interrogación Verbos regulares (work) Did I work? Yes, I did No, I didn´t Did you work? Yes, you did No, you didn´t Did he work? Yes, hedid No, he didn´t Did we work? Yes, we did No, we didn´t Did you work? Yes, you did No, you didn´t Did they work? Yes, they did No, they didn´t Verbos irregulares (go) Did I go? Yes, I did No, I didn´t Did you go? Yes, you did No, you didn´t Did he go? Yes, he did No, he didn´t Did we go? Yes, we did No, we didn´t Did you go? Yes, you did No, you didn´t Did they go? Yes, they did No, they didn´t * Pasado simple To be Afirmativa I was You were He was We were You were They were Negación sujeto + verbo + not I was not I wasn´t You were not you weren´t He was not he wasn´t We were not we weren´t You were not you weren´t They were not they weren´t Interrogación verbo + sujeto Was I ...? Yes, I was No, I wasn´t Were you...? Yes, you were No, you weren´t Was he....? Yes, he wasn´t Were we...? Yes, we were No, we weren´t Were you....? Yes, you were No, you weren´t Were they....? Yes, they were No, they weren´t Ejemplos: - Were you a student? Yes, I was. - Was she your friend? Yes, she was. - Were they your classmates? No, they weren´t. * Lista de verbos irregulares Infinitivo Pretérito Participio Pasado Abide (soportar) abode abided Arise (surgir) arose arisen Awake (despertarse) awoke, awaked awoken Be (ser-estar) was-were been Bear (llevar) bore borne Beat (golpear) beat beaten Become (hacerse) became become Befall (llegar) befell befallen Beget (engendrar) begot begotten Begin (empezar) began begun Behold (advertir) beheld beheld Bend (doblar) bent bent Bereave (privar) bereaved bereft Beseech (implorar) besought besought Bestride (cabalgar) bestrode bestridden Bet (apostar) bet, betted bet, betted Bid (ofrecer) bade bidden Bind (unir) bound bound Bite (morder) bit bitten Bleed (sangrar) bled bled Blow (soplar) blew blown Break (romper) broke broken Breed (criar) bred bred Bring (traer) brought brought Broadcast (retransmitir) broadcast broadcast Build (construir) built built Burn (quemar) burnt, burned burnt, burned Burst (estalallar) burst burst Buy (comprar) bought bought Cast (tirar) cast cast Catch (coger) caught caught Chide (regañar) chid, chided chid, chidden, chided Choose (elegir) chose cosen Cling (agarrarse) clung clung Clothe (vestir) clothed, clad clothed, clad Come (venir) came come Cost (costar) cost cost Creep (arrastrarse) crept crept Crow (cacarear) crowed, crew crowed Cut (cortar) cut cut Dare (atreverse) dared, durst dared, durst Deal (tratar) dealt dealt Dig (cavar) dug dug Dive (zambullirse) dived, dove dived Draw (dibujar, tirar) drew Drawn Dream (soñar) dreamt, dreamed dreamt, dreamed Drink (tomar) drank drunk Drive (conducir) drove driven Dwell (habitar) dwelt, dwelled dwelt, dwelled Eat (comer) ate eaten Fall (caer) fell fallen Feed (alimentarse) fed fed Feel (sentir) felt felt Fight (luchar) fought fought Find (encontrar) found found Fit (sentar) fit, fitted fit, fitted Flee (huir) fled fled Fling (lanzar) flung flung Fly (volar) flew flown Forbear (abstenerse) forbore forborne Forbid (prohibir) forbad(e) forbidden Forget (olvidar) forgot forgotten Forgive (perdonar) forgave forgiven Forsake (abandonar) forsook forsaken Freeze (congelar) froze frozen Get (conseguir) got got, gotten Gild (dorar) gilt, gilded gilt, gilded Gird (rodear) girt, girded girt, girded Give (dar) gave given Go (ir) went gone Grind (moler) ground ground Grow (crecer) grew grown Hang (colgar) hung, hanged hung, hanged Hear (oír) heard heard Heave (alzar) hove, heaved hove, heaved Hew (tallar) hewed hewn, hewed Hide (esconder) hid hidden Hit (golpear) hit hit Hold (mantener) held held Hurt (dañar) hurt hurt Keep (mantener) kept kept Kneel (arrodillarse) knelt, kneeled knelt, kneeled Knit (hacer punto ) knit, knitted knit, knitted Know (saber, conocer) knew known Lay (poner, extenderse) laid laid Lead (guiar) led led Lean (apoyarse) leant, leaned leant, leaned Leap (saltar) leapt, leaped leapt, leaped Learn (aprender) learnt, learned learnt, learned Leave (abandonar, partir) left left Lend (prestar) lent lent Let (dejar) let let Lie (yacer) lay lain Light (encender) lit, lighted lit, lighted Lose (perder) lost lost Make (hacer) made made Mean (significar) meant meant Meet (encontrar) met met Melt (derretirse) melted melted Mow (segar) mowed mown, mowed Pay (pagar) paid paid Plead (implorar) pled, pleaded pled, pleaded Put (poner) put put Quit (dejar) quit, quitted quit, quitted Read (leer) read read Rend (rajar) rent rent Rid (librar) rid, ridded rid, ridded Ride (montara) rode ridden Ring (sonar) rang rung Rise (alzarse) rose risen Run (correr) ran run Saw (serrar) sawed sawn, sawed Say (decir) said said See (ver) saw seen Seek (buscar) sought sought Sell (vender) sold sold Send (enviar) sent sent Set (colocar) set set Sew (coser) sewed sewn, sewed Shake (sacudir) shook shaken Shear (esquilar, podar) sheared shorn, sheared Shed (despojarse) shed shed Shine (brillar) shone shone Shoe (calzar) shod, shoed shod, shoed Shoot (disparar) shot shot Show (mostrar) showed showed Shrink (encoger) shrank, shrunk shrunk, shrunken Shut (cerrar) shut shut Sing (cantar) sang sung Sink (hundir) sank sunk, sunken Sit (sentarse) sat sat Slay (matar) slew slain Sleep (dormir) slept slept Slide (deslizarse) slid slid Sling (colgar) slung slung Slink (escabullirse) slunk slunk Slit (partir) slit slit Smell (oler) smelt, smelled smelt, smelled Smite (golpear) smote smitten Sneak (colarse) snuck, sneaked snuck, sneaked Speak (hablar) spoke spoken Speed (ir a prisa) sped, speeded sped, speeded Spell (deletrear) spelt, spelled spelt, spelled Spend (gastar) spent spent Spill (derramar) spilt, spilled spilt, spilled Spin (girar) spun spun Spit (escupir) spat, spit spat, spit Split (dividirse) split split Spoil (estropear) spoilt, spoiled spoilt, spoiled Spread (extender) spread spread Spring (saltar) sprang Sprung Stand (estar de pie) stood stood Steal (robar) stole stolen Stick (fijar) stuck stuck Sting (picar) stung stung Stink (apestar) stank stunk Strew (esparcir) strewed strewn, strewed Stride (ir a zancadas) strode striden Strike (golpear) struck struck, stricken Swear (jurar) swore sworn Sweat (sudar) sweat, sweated sweat, sweated Sweep (barrer) swept swept Swell (inflarse) swelled swelled, swollen Swim (nadar) swam swum Swing (balancearse) swung swung Take (tomar) took taken Teach (enseñar) taught taught Tear (desgarrar) tore torn Tell (contar) told told Think (pensar) thought thought Thrive (prosperar) thrived (throve) thrived (throve) Throw (tirar) threw thrown Thrust (empujar) thrust thrust Tread (pisar) trod trodden Understand (entender) understood understood Undertake (emprender) undertook undertaken Wake (despertarse) Woke, Waked woken, Waked Wear (vestir) wore worn Weave (tejer) wove woven Weep (llorar) wept wept Win (ganar) won won Wind (enrollar) wound wound Wring (retorcer) wrung wrung Write (escribir) wrote written * Pasado continuo Uso: se utiliza para hablar de acciones que ocurrieron durante un tiempo en el pasado. En español equivale normalmente a “estaba + gerundio” Afirmativa I was working You were working He was working We were working You were working They were working Negación I was not working I wasn´t working You were not working you weren´t working He was not working he wasn´t working We were not working we weren´t working You were not working you weren´t working They were not working they weren´t working Interrogación Was I working? Yes, I was No, I wasn´t Were you working? Yes, you were No, you weren´t Was he working? Yes, he wasn´t Were we working? Yes, we were No, we weren´t Were you working? Yes, you were No, you weren´t Were they working? Yes, they were No, they weren´t * Pasado simple Vs. Pasado continuo El pasado simple: se suele utilizar para referirnos a situaciones o acciones completas del pasado o a situaciones permanentes o de larga duración, también en el pasado. Ejemplos: - I lived in Rome till I was 10. - She bought chocolates because she thought you liked them. El pasado continuo: se refiere a situaciones o eventos temporales de un momento del pasado. Muchas veces se utiliza el pasado continuo para describir una situación durante la cual se produjo otro evento (en pasado simple) que la interrumpió o se produjo paralelamente. The phone rang -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- We were watching television Ejemplos: -She arrived when we were having dinner. -Tom was having a shower when someone knocked at the door. -The neighbour felt ill while he was working in the garden. Cuando hablamos de situaciones o eventos simultáneos en el pasado, puede utilizarse el pasado simple o el pasado continuo: Ejemplos: -They went on holiday while their son was at university. -Jill was making dinner while he was laying the table. * Presente perfecto 1 Así se forma el presente perfecto en su forma afirmativa: Sujeto + have/has + |
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