Esl is English as a Second Language, and an esl class or program is also sometimes called an ell class or program, with ell being short for English Language
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| COMMON ESL OBJECTIVES Copyright 2007 By Mason Emerson ESL is English as a Second Language, and an ESL class or program is also sometimes called an ELL class or program, with ELL being short for English Language Learners. ESL is often classified by ability level, for example, Level I for beginners, Level 2 for intermediate learners, Level 3 for advanced learners, and Level 4 for very advanced learners, namely, those with or almost with the language abilities of native speakers. LEVEL 1 – BEGINNING LEVEL Some typical objectives at this level are: Pronunciation: Vowels, Consonants Basic Reading: Sight (Doltch List) Words such as “a, the, and, I, you, he, that, is, are, was, in, for, with” Survival Level Words And Phrases such as Where’s the bathroom? house, town, road, money, food, water Basic Verbs: “To Be” and “To Have,” Present, Simple Past, Future Spelling Of Sight Words Basic Writing: alphabet letter production in both block and cursive styles, names of the letters and distinguishing between small and large/capital letters Basic Content Area Vocabulary Words With Some Basic Concepts such as (1) Social Studies: U.S. History, World History, Geography, Citizenship (2) Science; (3) Language Arts including grammar and literature; (4) Mathematics At Level 1 pronunciation and spelling of content words etc are important but at this level too the students need to be learning and “thinking in” concepts at least on a basic level A FEW EXAMPLES OF BASIC/BEGINNING/LEVEL 1 CONTENT VOCABULARY AND CONCEPTS: Social Studies Words: border, glacier, gulf, map, nation, river, treaty, union, war Concepts: democracy, specialization Science Words: atom, black hole, cell, comet, energy, protozoa, root Concepts: classification, food chain, inertia Language Arts Words: alliteration, novel, poem, noun, pronoun Concepts: capitalization, rhyme, spelling Mathematics Words: multiplied by, times, take away, divided by, divided into, half Concepts: carrying, rounding off LEVEL 2 – INTERMEDIATE This level is similar to Level 1/Beginning but is more involved. LEVEL 3 - ADVANCED In the pages that follow are some of the many common objectives for Level 3, and some of those associated with Levels 2 and 3 are also included but in greater detail: ABBREVIATIONS Learn some of the common abbreviations. A.D. Anno domini, year of the Lord asssn association Aug August b. born, born in B.C. before Christ co. county, company d. dead, died in Dr. doctor, Doctor e east ea each etc. etcetera, and so on Fri Friday hr hour i.e. id est, that is in. inch inc. incorporation, incorporated IRS Internal Revnue Service (taxes) Ja. January Jul July Jun June KS Kansas lib. library M.D. medical doctor mi mile min minute MO Missouri Mon Monday mph miles per hour n north No Number Nov November NY New York NYC New York City s south Sa Saturday sq square Sun Sunday Th; Thurs Thursday Tu; Tues Tuesday w west yd yard ABBREVIATIONS FOR PERSONAL SHORTHAND Some people also invent and use their own abbreviations or a form of what is a personal shorthand. This is useful for example when taking notes for college or at a business. For personal shorthand people often leave out most of the vowels. Here are some examples of individual words and sentences: a, an . and n book bk can cn go g in n -ing, working ng, wrkng more mr no, not n time time was ws were wr I will go to town tomorrow because we are hungry and need some more food. i l g t twn tmrw bcs w r hngry n need sm mr fd. Dear John, I enjoyed being your girlfriend, but I have found a new love. Goodbye forever. Susan. Dr Jhn, i enjoyd beng yr grlfrn bt ive found . new love. Gdby frever. Susn AFFIXES Below are English words, common Latin affixes, and sample words in English that use the affixes move/go, -mobil-, mobilize above, super, supernatural before, pre-, precede house, dom, domestic for, pro-, pronoun good, bene, benefit anti-, against, anti-crime study, -ology, biology with, con-, contest life, bio-, biology, biography with, syn-, synonym animal, zoo-, zoology, name, nom-, nomenclature old, archae, archaeology name, nym, antonym self, auto-, automobile man, anthro-, anthropology toward. ad- administer write, -graphy-, biography from, de descend autograph color, chrom chromogram writing, -glyph, petroglyphs time, temp-, chronological rock, litho-, lithospherebetween, inter-, interacial holy, hiero-, hieroglyph outside, exo-, exoskeleton main, arch-, archetype after, post, post-depression half, semi-, semitrailer I, ego, egomaniac, egotism government, -ocracy, one, uni-, unicycle, union democracy one, mono- monotone god, theo, theology two, duo-, duel, duette many, poly, polygon two, bi-, bicycle belief, -ism, theism water, aqua-, aquarium three, tri- tricycle water, hydro-, hydrology again, re- return man, hom-, homo sapiens first/early, proto-, prototype COMMON NOUNS VERSUS PROPER NOUNS Learn the difference between common nouns and proper nouns. The first letter of a common noun is capitalized. day Wednesday city Chicago street Ohio Street mountain Mount Hood people Italians month January college College of the Ozarks river the Mississippi building the White House book Treasure Island car a Toyota ship the U.S.S. Huntley COMPOUND NOUNS Learn some compound nouns. These are nouns formed from at least two words. GRASSHOPPER SPOONFUL STEAMBOAT SUNSHINE ICELAND DOGHOUSE BOYFRIEND MANSERVANT SEAFOOD FATHER-IN-LAW POLICEMAN GRANFATHER RAINFALL GO-BETWEEN LOOKOUT SALESPERSON REDHEAD JACK-IN-THE-BOX JACK-O-LANTERN GREENHOUSE HEADACHE BEDROOM STREETCAR BREAKDOWN GHOSTBISTER BLUEBIRD BABY-SIT SKYSCRAPER BABY-SITTER CORKSCREW HEAD-HUNTER LIGHTHOUSE SLEEP-WALK GRANDFATHER SLEEP-WALKER FLASHLIGHT DOWNSIZE BASEBALL STRAWBERRY DESCRIPTIONS Describe what you see in each photo. Give as many details as possible.   Sources: nps.gov, wikipedia.org     Sources: Mason Emerson, wikipedia.org, Mason Emerson; pdphoto.org   usgs.gov; wikipedia.org    source: wikipedia.org; Mason Emerson GRAMMAR AND USAGE BASICS PUNCTUATION Know what the names are of different kinds of punctuation marks: . period , comma : colon ; semi-colon “ quotation mark ( ) parentheses - hyphen; dash PUNCTUATION IN LETTERS: Dear Maria, Dear Mr. President: Sincerely, PUT A COMMA BETWEEN A CITY AND STATE: Apple City, Oregon CONTRACTIONS: I will go > I’ll go; do not eat > don’t eat we can not > can’t I will not > I won’t POSSESSION: a boy’s box, two boys’ box; a boy’s cars, two boys’ cars; Carlo’s car PLURALS SOME ANIMAL NAMES STAY THE SAME: two fish, two deer, two fox, two sheep SOME WORDS CHANGE INSIDE: one man > two men, one woman > two women, OTHER WORDS ADD –EN: one child > two children, one ox > two oxen SOME WORDS CHANGE VOWELS: tooth > teeth, goose > geese, knife > knives SILENT LETTER WORDS: island, bouquet, colonel, cologne, comb, doubt CAPITALIZING CAPITALIZE PLACES AND GROUP NAMES: Spain, Bosnia, China, Mexicans, Floridians DAYS: Sunday, Wednesday MONTHS: June, August STREET AND CITY NAMES: South Street, Kansas City HOLIDAYS: Christmas, Easter HOW-TO-DO-IT EXPLANATIONS Can you tell how to do the following in a basic way in about three to five steps? make a sandwich, draw a house open a locker brush your teeth go to bed get a job buy a bike make a banana split write a poem make a new friend wash a window become popular start a business IDIOMS/IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS: Learn to use some of these when speaking. Beats me! I don’t know! Hold down the fort. Take care of things. Did that ring a bell? Did that remind you of something? Don’t jump the gun! Don’t be too fast! Don’t rock the boat! Don’t cause more trouble or problems! Get us off the hook. Help us out of this bad situation. Go fly a kite! Go away and leave me alone! He stuck out his neck. He did something risky to help. He’s on edge today. He’s nervous. I take my hat off to him. I commend him. She’s under the weather. She doesn’t feel very well. Face the music! Go and receive your punishment bravely! Keep your shirt on! Don’t do something foolish! Call it a day. Stop all the rest of the day. Stop working. Let’s shoot the breeze. Let’s talk. He’s very down to earth. He is not arrogant or snobby. Nip it in the bud! Stop that from happening early! They mean business! They are very serious! She’s out cold! She is unconscious. It’s a hard nut to crack. That is difficult to solve. They went to bat for us. They helped us. We broke the ice. We began to talk. You don’t say!? That is incredible! He knows all the ropes. He knows all he needs to know to do the work. METAPHORS AND SIMILES Similes are expressions or groups of words that directly compare two or more things. Often they include the words “like” or “as.” Study and use some of the following similes in sentences and conversation. METAPHORS HE’S A GREEN HORN. He doesn’t know much. HE’S A WOLF IN SHEEP’S CLOTHING. He is an enemy who pretends to be nice. HE’S AN EAGER BEAVER. He is a very eager person. SHE’S A COLD FISH. She’s not a friendly person. HE’S THE APPLE OF MY EYE. He’s the person I like. HE’S A BEAR. He is grouchy or irritable. HE’S AN INDIAN-GIVER. He gives something then takes it away. HE’S A CHICKEN. He’s a coward. HE’S A YELLOW BELLY. He’s a coward. LIFE GAVE ME LEMONS! Life gave me some problems or bad things! LIFE IS JUST A DREAM! Life is great or really good for me! SHE’S AN ANGEL. She’s very very nice. SHE’S THE APPLE OF MY EYE. She’s the person I really like or love. VARIETY IS THE SPICE OF LIFE. Different things or ideas are good. YOU’RE THE LIGHT OF MY LIFE. You are really good for me and my life. SIMILES Similes are expressions or groups of words that compare two or more things. Often they include the words “like” or “as.” Study and use some of the following similes in sentences and conversation. HIS HEART IS LIKE STONE. LUPE WAS LIKE A ROSE. HE’S AS FREE AS A BIRD. JOSE ACTS LIKE A KING. YOU ACT DUMB AS AN OX. HE RAN QUICK AS A WINK! ANA IS SLY AS A FOX! HE ACTS HARD AS NAILS. ANA’S HUNGRY AS A BEAR! HE’S COLD AS ICE TO ME! IVAN’S SMART AS A WHIP! IT’S HOT AS A CAT ON A TIN CAN ROOF! JOSE’S BRAVE AS A LION. HE WAS BLIND AS A BAT. HE’S SLOW AS A TURTLE. LINDA’S BUSY AS A BEE! SHE’S BRIGHT AS A LIGHT! IT’S AS COMMON AS DIRT! HE’S WHITE AS A GHOST! YOU’RE CRAZY AS A LOON. IT’S BLACK AS MIDNIGHT! HE’S CUNNING AS A SNAKE. HE’S WISE AS AN OWL! SHE’S SWEET AS SUGAR. PRONUNCIATION Practice pronouncing these words. AGE ISLAND COMB, PLUMB, DUMB DEFENCE, FENCE COLONEL BIZARRE BOUQUET GENRE COLOGNE PREPOSE WREN, WRIST, WRITE TENSE FIFTY BAZAAR FIFTEEN GARAGE PURPOSE KNOWLEDGE, KNIGHT CSAR BALOGNA TALKED PURPOSE DOMESTICATED LOQUACIOUS THICK~SICK SEE~SHE LUGS~LUNGS LAKE~RAKE THESE~Z’S FOND~FOUND GET BUS~BOS FIR~FUR HEAD~HAD WALKED THEY~DAY PURR RUN~RUNG KNOW FEW~HUE STORY-TELLING Tell stories with these words, pictures or words and pictures: 1. Indians, deer, teepee, eagle, river, bow-and-arrows, buffalo 2. wolf, Little Red Ridinghood, forest, house, woodchopper 3. UFO, queen, robot, king, Saturn, star, mining gold 4. cowboy, horse, mountain, gun, cowgirl, dancing  satellite in outer space   zoo    The source for all the photos above is wikipedia.org SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS Synonyms are similar words. Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings. Learn the differences between these synonyms and antonyms. honest, candid, frank little, lilliputian, wee bazaar, outdoor market sad, gloomy wise, sagacious big, titanic sad, morose rich, affluent scold, lambaste fat, obese, plump, pudgy rich, opulent pretty, gorgeous poverty, penury funny, mirthful rotten, putrid say, drawl, whine hateful, baleful wet, moist, soggy strange, bizarre dry, dessicated sweet, dulcet quick, swift sugary, saccharine slow, ponderous sour, acidic weak, feeble, puny flower, bloom, blossom evil, repulsive dog, canine bright, glittery, frown, scower, scowl lustrous, shimmering see, stare, gawk, leer dark, dim, dull peep, gaze, glare hot, torpid move, walk, tiptoe warm, tepid crawl, slither, gallop, slink everywhere, ubiquitous concise, laconic sleep, slumber cheap, frugal think, ruminate, hairy, hirsute meditate, reflect avoid, eschew stop, halt warlike, bellicose begin, commence fight, altercation LEVEL 4 As explained, when an ESL or ELL person has reached this level they are essentially at the language ability level of native speakers. Therefore the objectives match or essentially match those of native speakers. CONTENT AREA VOCABULARIES Copyright 2007 By Mason Emerson Here are some basic words for science, social studies, language arts and mathematics. They are especially helpful for ESL students who can be encouraged to learn their meanings for example by looking up each word in their own language then writing it down in print, in cursive script as individual words, in short simple sentences or longer compositions depending on their ability levels. SCIENCE VOCABULARY algae, alga amphibian, anfibio archaeaobacteria, archaeobacteria atmosphere, atmosfera backbone, espina dorsal barometer, barometro black hole, agujero/hoyo negro carbon dioxide, carbono dioxigeno carnivore, carnivoro cell, celula classification, clasificacion cleavage, hendidura climate, clima condensation, condensacion consumer, consumidor cytoplasm, citoplasma decomposer, decomposidor earthquake, terramoto electron, electron environment, ambiente eubacteria, eubacteria evaporation, evaporacion extrusive, extrusivo fission, fision flagella, flagelo foliated, foliado food chain, cadena de comida fungus, hongo hail, granizo herbivore, herbivor igneous, igneo intrusive, intrusivo invertebrate, invertebrado layer, capa lichen, liquen lithosphere, litosfera mammal, mamifero membrane, membrane metamorphic, metamorfico microscope, microscopo moneran, moneran moss, musgo nucleus, nucleo omnivore, omnivora organelle, organel (organito) organism, organismo oxygen, oxigeno photosynthesis, fotosintesis pollen, polena pollution, contaminacion precipitation, precipitacion pressure, presion producer, productor protist, protista renewable, renovable root, raiz scavenger, carronero sedimentary, sedimentario seed, semilla seismometer, sismometero skeleton, esqueletico spore, espora streak, raya de gema telescope, telescopo vacuole, vacuola water cycle, ciclo de agua weathering, desgaste SOCIAL STUDIES VOCABULARY: Alexander Alexandria Allies animism animist aqueduct archeologist archaeology archipelago armor arrowhead artifact Asia Athens; atomic bomb; attacked Australia Axis Aztec barbarian Beijing; Benito Juarez; bill Blitzkrieg border bridge; Britain, British; Bronze Age; Buddha Buddhism butte Caesar caliphate capitalism capitalist Carthage castle catepult cave Charlemagne China Christian Christianity; Christopher Columbus; C.I.S.; city civilization Cleopatra colonist colony colosseum communism communist compass Confederacy Confuscist Confuscism congress conservative continent Cortez county crusader culture cuneiform czar Darwin defeated democracy developed dictator dictatorship dynasty Edison Egypt Egyptian; El Salvador; emperor empire England equator E.U. Euphrates River factory fjord flag Ford fought France gatherer; Genghis Khan; George Washington; Germany geyser Giza glacier gladiator globe god goddess government Greece gulf Hannibal hieroglyphics Hiroshima Hitler; Homo sapiens; hunter Inca India industry invention inventor; Iron Age; Islam island Japan jihad kamekaze king knight Korea; Kublai Khan; lake landform latitude law; Leonardo da Vinci; liberal; Abraham Lincoln; longitude manufacturing; Marco Polo; Maya Mayflower Mesopotamia Mexico; Middle Ages; Middle East; Ming; Mississippi River; moat Mohammed Mongol mosque mountain; mountain chain; mummy myth Muslim Nagasaki Napoleon nation Native American Nazi Neanderthal; Nile River; nomad Nubia Olympics |
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